{"id":7128,"date":"2011-08-31T09:00:02","date_gmt":"2011-08-31T08:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.badreputation.org.uk\/?p=7128"},"modified":"2011-08-31T09:00:02","modified_gmt":"2011-08-31T08:00:02","slug":"unsung-heroes-empress-theodora","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/badreputation.org.uk\/2011\/08\/31\/unsung-heroes-empress-theodora\/","title":{"rendered":"Unsung Heroes: Empress Theodora"},"content":{"rendered":"

Today\u2019s hero had some really quite impressive career advancement over the course of her life. Starting as a small time actress (and most likely prostitute – the entertainment industry of the time was apparently incredibly sleazy), she moved on to wool spinning, a job path she took to its logical conclusion as\u2026 Empress? Oh, and then Saint. Who makes a career move like that? The Empress Theodora<\/strong> (500 – 528 AD) of the Byzantine Empire<\/a>, that\u2019s who.<\/p>\n

One of three children, Theodora was the daughter of an actress and a bear trainer of the Green faction1<\/a><\/sup>. Following her father\u2019s death she was presented to the Blue faction and became a supporter of theirs. Being a supporter of the Blue faction would prove to be significant later in her life.<\/p>\n

The details of her time as an actress or prostitute are somewhat unclear, with a lack of reliable resources on the topic. Procopius<\/a> spends a lot of his Anekdota<\/em> providing snippets of a sordid past, and John of Ephesus<\/a> calls her \u201cTheodora ek tou porneiou\u201d, or \u201cTheodora from the brothel.\u201d Historian Lynda Garland, however, argues that there\u2019s little reason to believe Theodora worked in what we\u2019d recognise as a modern brothel. Instead, she claimed, it was more like a stage-house in which the acting involved lewd displays and off-stage sexual activities with clients were standard. Either way, it was definitely a low status job.
\n

\"Sepia<\/a>

Sarah Bernhardt in Victorien Sardou's play 'Th\u00e9odora', 1882.<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n

Around about 516 AD, Theodora leaves the theatre\/brothel and travels to North Africa. By the time she returns to Constantinople four years later she\u2019ll have made the acquaintance of several high ranking officials throughout the Empire, converted to Monophysite Christianity<\/a>, and decided to take up a career as a wool spinner. Well, possibly. It\u2019s also possible that the ‘wool spinning’ was a detail added to her life by writers in the 11th century. It was seen as a more virtuous career, one that would partially forgive the ‘sins’ of her earlier life, and thus may have been fabricated to give her respectability.<\/p>\n

Whether she was a wool spinner or not, it was around the time of her return to Constantinople that she became associated with the young Justinian, the adopted heir of Justin I. It\u2019s unclear quite how they met, but quite likely it was through a dancer, Macedonia, a member of the Blue faction and informer to Justinian who was himself a Blue faction supporter. <\/p>\n

Marriage between Theodora and Justinian was initially problematic. Byzantine laws prevented the heir from marrying an actress, and Emperor Justin\u2019s wife Euphemia would not grant Justinian permission to pursue this. Following her death however the Emperor, being fond of both Justinian and Theodora, changed the law, allowing an actress to repent her past and be considered a clean slate of virtue. Thus the pair were married, and in 527 ascended to the position of Emperor and Empress.<\/p>\n

Of course, just becoming the Empress of the Byzantine Empire, though undeniably one hell of an achievement, does not automatically make a person awesome. Theodora gets awesome because of what she did while she was in power. For one thing, she was by all accounts Justinian\u2019s intellectual equal, taking a hand in the forming of Byzantine policy. They may have gotten together because of basic lust, but a sharp mind kept her respected and on the throne (despite being a follower of the Monophysite heresy).<\/p>\n

The Blue and Green factions mentioned earlier? About five years into the reign of Justinian and Theodora, they caused trouble in something halfway between a political uprising and a football riot (though with chariot racing instead of football). An event known as the Nika Riots<\/a> (which is one of history\u2019s most fascinating incidents) saw half of Constantinople burned to the ground, and thousands killed. Justinian and his officials were on the brink of abandoning the city and fleeing for safety when Theodora, so the sources claim, made a stand. <\/p>\n

Those who have worn the crown should never survive its loss. Never will I see the day when I am not saluted as empress. Royalty makes a fine burial shroud. <\/p>\n

– Attributed to Empress Theodora\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Spurred into action by Theodora, Justinian rallied his forces, the riots were put down, and order restored. Over the following years Theodora and Justinian would engage in a large scale public works programme to rebuild the city, including rebuilding the Hagia Sophia<\/a> in its current form as one of the architectural wonders of the world.
\nWhen not putting down rebellions, Theodora was instrumental in passing laws aimed at increasing the rights of many women in the Byzantine Empire. This included the institution of the death penalty for rape, the increasing of property rights and the rights to guardianship of children, and the closing of brothels followed by the opening of a convent to support former sex workers. <\/p>\n

Theodora died of unknown causes in 548 AD. Afterwards Emperor Justinian worked to keep the peace and protect her small community of Monophysites, despite being a Chalcedonian Christian<\/a> himself. Both of them were eventually canonised by the Eastern Orthodox Church.<\/p>\n

So there\u2019s Theodora. Given to a sports team as a child, grew up in the sleazy Byzantine entertainment industry, ended up one of the most powerful women in the world and eventually a saint. How\u2019s that for an achievement?<\/p>\n

For further reading there\u2019s the expensive but well researched Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204<\/strong> <\/a>by Lynda Garland, and the more affordable The Empress Theodora: Partner of Justinian<\/strong><\/a> by James Evans. There\u2019s also the works of Procopius, but those are skewed by the political issues of the time.<\/p>\n